Standards and Materials For Piping Components.

Dimensional Standards

End Connections

• For Soket welded connections
• Mostly used for small bore piping

• For Threaded connections
• Mostly used for small bore piping.

• For buttwelded pipes.
• Used for small bore and large bore pipes whenever buttwelded connection is expected.

Construction Type

• Seamless pipe. Made by extrusion or continuous casting process. Does not have welded seam.
• Seamless pipes are used for high temperature and pressure applications. Rating 300 and above seamless pipe is recommended.

• Pipes made from rolling sheet of steel and welding it along the length of the pipe.
• This type of pipes have welded seam along the length of the pipe. Which reduces its strength compare to the seamless pipe of the same dimensions.
• ERW - Electro Resistance Welding.
• EFW - Electro Fusion Welding.
• Two type of welded seams - Straight Seam and Spiral Seam.



Straight Seam	Spiral Seam
For pipes 24in and smaller but larger than 2-3in.	For pipes larger than 4in.
Moderately high pressure applications.	Low pressure applications.
Shorter welded seam length.	Longer welded seam length.
Possiblity of less weld defects due to shorter weld lenght.	Possiblity of more weld defects due to longer weld length.
More stress concentration due to single direction of the welding. More vulnarable under hoop stress.	Even stress distributions due to inclined seam.

Carbon Steel Materials

• Seamless and Welded Pipes
• ERW (Electro Resistense Welded),
  EFW (Electro Fusion Welded).
• Straight Seam welded,
  Spiral Seam Welded Pipes.
• General purpose applications where corrosion is not a big issue.

• Only for seamless pipes.
• Higher silicon content compared to A53.
• provides better corrosion rasistance at high temperatures.

Stainless Steel Materials

• Seamless and Welded Pipes
• General purpose stainless steel applications.
• Softer material compared to 316 grade. Easy to form or work the metal.
• 20 to 30% Cheaper compared to 316 grade.

• Seamless and welded pipes
• Higher silicon content compared to A53.
• provides better corrosion rasistance at high temperatures.

Dimensional Standards

Carbon Steel Materials

• Forged Material for carbon steel piping fittings.
• Used for small bore fittings.
• Made by forging process.

• Wrought Material for carbon steel piping fittings.
• Used for large bore fittings.

• Cast Material for carbon steel piping fittings.
• Used for very large size fittings. For very large sizes (>24in)forging and wroughting proecss becomes expensive, hence, casting method is used.

Stainless Steel Materials

• Forged Material for Stainless steel pipe fittings.
• Used for small bore pipe fittings.
• Made by forging process.

• Wrought Material for stainless steel piping fittings.
• Used for large bore fittings.
• Made by wroughting process.

• Cast Material for stainless steel piping fittings.
• Used for very large size fittings. For very large sizes (>24in)forging and wroughting proecss becomes expensive, hence, casting method is used.
• CF8 (SS304), CF8M (SS316)

Dimensional Standards

• Dimensional Standards For Flanges up to 24in.
• For Cast and Forged Steel Flanges.

• Dimensional Standards For Flanges for Sizes 26in to 60in.
• For Cast and Forged Steel Flanges.

• For Ductile Iron Flanges.
• Only 150 and 300 Ratings.
• For Sizes upto 24 in.

• For Cast Copper Alloy Flanges.
• Sizes up to 24in.
• For sizes larger than 24in custom made flanges used. As per Manufacturar's standard.

Flange Types

• Weldneck flange used when strength is required in the flange connections.
• Used for high pressure temperature applications.
• Weldneck flange is recommended 300 and above rating.

• Slip on flanges are used for normal piping applications.
• Used for normal pressure temperature applications for 150 and 300 ratings.

• Used where frequest dismantalling is required.
• It comes with the component called stub end. Stub ends are welded with the pipe.
• Used for normal pressure temperature applications for 150 and 300 ratings.
• Lap joint flange provides little more flexibility compared to other flanges.
• Its use should be avoided where very high bending stress is expected.

Flange End Connections

• Flange with socket welded connection with the pipe.
• More strength compared to slipon flange.
• Used for small bore pipes.
• Socket welded connections are prepared as per ASME B16.11

• Butt welded connection with the pipe.
• Used for large bore pipes.
• Butt welded connections are prepared as per ASME B16.25

• Threaded with the pipe end.
• Used for small bore pipes.
• Threaded connections are made as per ASME B16.11

Flange Face Types

• For low pressure applications.
• Used with full face gaskets.

• For medium pressure applications.
• Used with Spiral wound gasket with metallic ring.

• For high pressure applications.
• Used with Ring type gaskets.

Flange Surface Finish

• For High pressure and temperature applications.
• Used with metallic gaskets.
• Surface finish specified in AARH.
• AARH - Arethmatic Average Roughness Height.
• Smooth surface finish means AARH is less than 125.
• Metallic Gaskets are recommended for temperatures higher than 90 Deg C.

• For low pressure and temperature applications.
• Used with non metallic gaskets.
• Serrated surface finish means AARH is between 125 and 500.
• Non metallic gaskets are recommended for temperatures less than 90 Deg C.

Carbon Steel Materials

• Flanges for carbon steel pipes.
• Forged Steel Flanges.

Stainless Steel Materials

• Flanges for TP304 grade stainless steel pipes.
• Forged Steel Material

• Flanges for TP316 grade stainless steel pipes.
• Forged Steel Material

Dimensional Standards

Materials for Metallic Gasket

• Corrugated Metal core with soft material coating.
• Can be used up to 150, 300 Pressure class.

• Mettalic core ring suitable with flange material.
• Can be used up to 600 pressure rating.

• Hexagonal or round metallic ring suitable with flange material.
• The ring gets deformed and crushed once the flange is tightened.
• Used with ring groved face flange.
• Used for high pressure and temperature services.
• Used 900 pressure rating and above.

Materials for Non Metallic Gaskets

• Synthetic rubber.
• Can be used up to 90-100 Deg C.
• Can be used upto 150 pressure rating.

• Synthetic rubber.
• Can be used up to 90-100 Deg C.
• Can be used up to 150 pressure rating.

• Highly resistent to chemicals.
• Can be used up to 200-250 Deg C.
• Can be used up to 150, 300 pressure rating.
• Ideal for chemical plants, pharma, cryogenic lines

• Suitable for oil services
• Can be used up to 350-400 Deg C.
• Can be used up to 600 pressure rating.

Dimensional Standards

Steel Bolt Material

• Alloy steel and stainless steel bolting.
• High pressure and temperature services.

• Alloy steel and stainless steel bolting.
• Low temperature services.

Dimensional Standards

Steel Nuts Material

• Nuts for carbon steel, stainless steel and alloy steel pipes.
• Can be used with A193 and A320 bolts.

Dimensional Standards

• "Integrally Reinforced Forged Branch Outlet Fittings" AKA "Olets".
• Olets have only this dimensional standards. No other standards for Olets.
• Specified by the size of outlet branch size.
• Available up to 4in size for Socket welded and threaded connections.
• Available up to 24in size for buttwelded connections.
• Olets are made of forged materials. Hence, forged materials listed in the table 1 of ASME B16.34 can be used to make olets.

End Connections

• All olets are buttwelded to the header pipe.
• Branch connections have three end types. Threaded, Soketed, buttwelded.
• Threaded end type are called 'Threadolet'.
• Socket end type are called 'Sokolet'.
• Buttwelded end type are called 'Weldolet'.

Steel Materials For Olets

• Forged Material for Carbon Steel pipes.

• Forged Material for Stainless Steel and Alloy Steel pipes.